Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños de 3 a 12 años: revisión de literatura / Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children: literature review

Resumen Introducción: El bruxismo del sueño (BS) es una actividad del músculo masticatorio durante el sueño que se caracteriza por ser rítmica o no rítmica que no debe ser considerada un trastorno del sueño o movimiento por sí sola. Objetivo: Revisar información de artículos relacionados a los factores de riesgo del bruxismo del sueño en niños de 3 a 12 años. Metodología: La estrategia de búsqueda de artículos fue realizada en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicos: PubMed, Ebsco, Web of Science y Scielo. Los descriptores: niños, pre-escolares, bruxismo, factores de riesgo y bruxismo del sueño fueron utilizados en la búsqueda. Los criterios de selección incluyeron artículos publicados desde el 2009 al 2020 en idioma inglés y español. Estudios transversales, estudios de cohorte, casos controles y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que reportaron factores de riesgo del BS en niños de 3 a 12 años de edad fueron incluidos. Dos revisores examinaron de forma independiente los títulos y los resúmenes. Luego, los resúmenes considerados relevantes se programaron para la revisión del texto completo. En esta revisión, no existió discrepancias entre los dos revisores. Resultados: Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión, se incluyeron veintidós artículos. Entre los artículos seleccionados, no hubo asociación entre edad y SB en niños. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con la información disponible, se considera que la genética, sexo masculino, ansiedad, desordenes psicológicos y emocionales, hábitos orales nocivos, el cronotipo del sueño, problemas y/o características del sueño y problemas respiratorios son factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños de 3 a 12 años. Sin embargo, la asociación con maloclusiones aún necesita más estudios.

Abstract Introduction: Sleep bruxism (SB) is an activity of the masticatory muscle during sleep that could be rhythmic or non-rhythmic. Also, SB should not be considered a sleep or movement disorder by itself. Objective: To review information from studies related to risk factors of sleep bruxism in children aged 3 to 12 years old. Methods: The search for literature was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Ebsco, Web of Science and Scielo. The terms children, pre-school, bruxism, risk factors, and sleep bruxism were used to search. The selection criteria included articles published from 2009 to 2020 in English and Spanish languages. Cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case controls and randomized clinical trials which reported risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children aged 3 to 12 years-old were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts. Then, abstracts considered relevant were scheduled for full-text review. In this review, there was no discrepancias between the two reviewers. Results: After applying the inclusion criteria, twenty-two articles were included. Among selected articles, there were no association between age and SB in children. Conclusions: According to the available information, genetics, male gender, anxiety, psychological and emotional disorders, chronotype sleep profiles, oral habits, characteristics and/or sleep problems; and respiratory difficulties are considered as risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children aged 3 to 12 years old. However, the association with malocclusions needs further studies.

Association between self-reported bruxism and academic performance in university students / Asociación entre bruxismo autorreportado y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios

Objective: To evaluate the association between self-reported bruxism and academic performance in students at a university in Lima, Peru. Material and Methods: A total of 203 students were evaluated in this study, between the ages of 19 and 35 years. Self-reported bruxism was measured using the Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire. Academic performance was evaluated using the Approval Index Scale. In addition, other variables were included such as employment status, socioeconomic level, stress, anxiety, among others. The association of variables were factored in using the chi-square test and the logistic regression presented the unadjusted and adjusted analisis. Results: The frequency of self-reported awake bruxism and sleep bruxism was 53.20% and 36.45%, respectively. Evidence revealed there was a statistically significant association between awake bruxism with stress and anxiety, and sleep bruxism with anxiety. Students with high academic performance (OR=2.36; IC del 95%:1.06-5.23) and low academic performance (OR=5.72; IC del 95%:1.28-25.57) were found to be more likely to have awake bruxism than those with medium academic performance. Conclusion: This study revealed a statistically significant association between self-reported awake bruxism and academic performance. However, in the future it is suggested to carry out a study with focus only on students with bruxism and with a larger sample of participants with low academic performance to confirm the association found between these variables.

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre bruxismo autorreportado y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú. Material y Métodos: Un total de 203 estudiantes con edades comprendidas entre 18 a 35 años fueron encuestados en esta investigación. Para la evaluación del bruxismo autoreportado se aplicó el cuestionario 'Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire' en su versión en español. Asimismo, el rendimiento académico se evaluó mediante la escala de Índice de Aprobación (IA). Además, se incluyeron otras variables como situación laboral, estrés, ansiedad, entre otros. La asociación de variables se realizó mediante la prueba chi cuadrado y para el análisis crudo y ajustado se utilizó la regresión logística. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de bruxismo de vigilia de 53.20% y de bruxismo de sueño de 36.45%. Se evidenció asociación estadísticamente significativa entre bruxismo de vigilia con estrés y ansiedad, y bruxismo de sueño con ansiedad. Se halló que los estudiantes con rendimiento académico alto (OR=2.36; IC del 95%:1.06-5.23) y rendimiento académico bajo (OR=5.72; IC del 95%:1.28-25.57) tienen más probabilidades de presentar bruxismo de vigilia que aquellos con rendimiento académico medio. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa entre bruxismo de vigilia autorreportado y rendimiento académico. No obstante, a futuro se sugiere realizar un estudio a los estudiantes con presencia de bruxismo y con un mayor tamaño muestral de participantes con rendimiento académico bajo para afirmar la asociación encontrada entre dichas variables.

Association of sleep quality and psychological aspects with reports of bruxism and TMD in Brazilian dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Dentists are exposed to contamination by SARS-CoV-2 due to dental interventions, leading to a state of alert and potential risk of negative impact in mental health and sleep quality, associated with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and bruxism. Objective: to evaluate the psychosocial status, sleep quality, symptoms of TMD, and bruxism in Brazilian dentists (DSs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The sample (n=641 DSs) was divided into three groups (quarantined DSs; DSs in outpatient care; and frontline professionals), which answered an electronic form containing the TMD Pain Screening Questionnaire (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders - DC/TMD), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the sleep and awake bruxism questionnaire. ANOVA test and Mann Whitney post-test were used, with Bonferroni adjustment (p<0.016) and a 95% confidence level. Results: Probable TMD was found in 24.3% (n=156) of the participants, while possible sleep and awake bruxism were diagnosed in 58% (n=372) and 53.8% (n=345) of them, respectively. Among all variables evaluated, only symptoms of depression were significantly greater in the quarantined DSs group when compared to those who were working at the clinical care (p=0.002). Working DSs were significantly less likely (OR=0.630, p=0.001) to have depressive symptoms. Those who were not worried or less worried about the pandemic were less likely to experience stress (OR=0.360), anxiety (OR=0.255), and poor sleep quality (OR=0.256). Sleep had a strong positive and moderate correlation with psychological factors on frontline workers and DSs in outpatient care, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest confinement may have a more negative impact on the life of DSs than the act of being actively working. The concern about Covid-19 and poor sleep quality was significantly prevalent and may negatively affect the quality of life of DSs. Thus, further research on the topic is needed.

Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children in primary dentition

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism in children between 2 to 6 years old in primary dentition in a public school (A1) and a private school (A2) in the state of Piauí. Method: It was cross-sectional and quantitative study in 370 participants, 180 in A1 and 190 in A2. The questionnaire to help diagnose bruxism was applied to parents. In the clinical examination, dental wear was evaluated, checking for the presence of shiny and polished facets on deciduous incisors and / or molars (palatal surface, incisal edges and working cusps) and the results were noted in the odontogram. Students who had bruxism participated in group 1 (G1) and those who did not have it were in the control group (CG) in both A1 and A2. Results: One hundred and five children had sleep bruxism. Tooth wear was more prevalent in the male gender. Both in A1 and in A2 and in both genders, wear on primary molars was more frequent than in canines. Conclusion: The prevalence of bruxism in children between 2 and 6 years of age was 28.3%, with a predominance in males. There was an association between sleep bruxism and the habit of sucking a finger, pacifier, bottle use and the habit of awake bruxism. In 98.09% of the children who had sleep bruxism, teeth pain was found

Association of gender, oral habits, and poor sleep quality with possible sleep bruxism in schoolchildren

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the oral habits, symptoms, and characteristics of some children aged 8 to 10 years that could be associated with possible sleep bruxism. A cross-sectional study was performed. Questionnaires were sent to parents to obtain information on sex, age, school shift, sleep quality, parents' perception of children's behavior, and children's oral habits (nail biting, object biting, and lip biting), and symptoms such as headache or earache. In addition, parents reported the frequency of sleep bruxism (no day to 7 days a week). Descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regression were performed and the level of significance was set at 5%. A total of 1,554 parents of children aged 8 to 10 years participated in this study. Possible sleep bruxism was reported as mild for 65.7%, moderate for 25.3%, and severe for 9% of the children. In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression, boys were 79% more likely to have sleep bruxism (OR: 1.79; 95%CI 1.23-2.60) and were 2.06 more times at risk of being in the habit of lip biting (OR: 2.06; 95%CI 1.26-3.37). Children with possible severe sleep bruxism were 61% more likely to develop object biting (OR: 1.61; 95%CI 1.09-2.39), 52% more likely to have headaches (OR: 1.52; 95%CI 1.01-2.28), and 3.29 more times at risk of poor sleep quality (OR: 3.29; 95%CI 2.25-4.82). Based on the report, boys with lip and object biting habits, headaches, and poor sleep quality presented a higher chance of possible severe sleep bruxism.

Férula multifunción en paciente adulto / Multifunction splint in an adult patient

RESUMEN Introducción: El bruxismo del sueño es una parafunción que afecta a más del 20 por ciento de la población en general, produce trastornos en el aparato estomatognático y el resto del organismo. Su multicausalidad dificulta su diagnóstico, control y tratamiento, sobre todo cuando está asociado con el hábito de respiración bucal. Existen aditamentos que son utilizados como coadyuvantes del tratamiento en ambas entidades por separado, pero se torna aún más difícil cuando están combinadas. Objetivo: Comprobar la efectividad de una férula multifunción en el bruxismo del sueño asociado al hábito de respiración bucal. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 42 años de edad, con antecedentes de faringitis a repetición y de hipertrofia de adenoides, que acude a la consulta de Trastornos Témporo Mandibulares de la Facultad de Estomatología "Raúl González Sánchez", quien refiere apretamiento de las mandíbulas cuando duerme y dolores en músculos de la cara al despertar. A través de la anamnesis, el examen clínico intrabucal y extrabucal y de diferentes maniobras clínicas, se observó sintomatología relacionada con bruxismo del sueño céntrico combinado con hábito de respiración bucal. Conclusiones: Con la colocación de la férula multifunción se logró disminuir la sintomatología por la cual asistió a consulta el paciente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sleep bruxism, a parafunctional habit affecting more than 20 percent of the general population, causes disorders in the stomatognathic system and the rest of the body. Its multicausality makes its diagnosis, control and treatment difficult, particularly when it is associated with mouth breathing. Devices have been created which may be used for the treatment of either condition separately, but therapy becomes more complicated when the two are present. Objective: Verify the effectiveness of a multifunction splint for the treatment of sleep bruxism associated with mouth breathing. Clinical case: A male 42-year-old patient with a history of recurrent pharyngitis and adenoid hypertrophy presents at the temporomandibular disorders service of Raúl González Sánchez Dental School and reports tightening of his jaws during sleep and facial muscle pain upon awakening. Anamnesis, intraoral and extraoral clinical examination, and various clinical maneuvers reveal symptoms of centric sleep bruxism combined with mouth breathing. Conclusions: Placement of a multifunction splint reduced the symptoms that had prompted the patient to attend consultation(AU)

Bruxismo do sono: estudo de base populacional em pessoas com 18 anos ou mais na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul / Sleep bruxism: population based study in people with 18 years or more in the city of Rio Grande, Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência do bruxismo do sono, bem como seus principais sinais e sintomas, na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. Avaliar a associação do bruxismo do sono com sexo, idade, escolaridade e estresse psicológico. Método: O estudo foi do tipo transversal. Uma amostra representativa da população (1.280 pessoas residentes na zona urbana da cidade com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos de idade) foi entrevistada. A avaliação do bruxismo do sono foi realizada por meio de questionário baseado nos critérios diagnósticos da Classificação Internacional de Distúrbios do Sono. Resultados: A prevalência de bruxismo do sono encontrada na população foi de 8,1% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% - 6,6 - 9,5). Entre os sinais e sintomas da disfunção utilizados para o diagnóstico de bruxismo do sono, o desgaste dentário (70,3%) e a dor nos músculos mastigatórios (44,5%) foram os mais frequentemente relatados pelas pessoas que declararam ranger os dentes durante o sono. Não houve diferença significativa na prevalência de bruxismo do sono entre os sexos. A faixa etária com mais de 40 anos teve maior prevalência de bruxismo do sono. A disfunção foi associada a um maior nível de escolaridade (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,92; IC95% 1,35 - 2,72) e de estresse psicológico (RP = 1,76; IC95% 1,11 - 2,81). Conclusão: O bruxismo do sono tem uma importante prevalência na população em geral, causando diversos danos ao sistema estomatognático. O estresse psicológico é um fator de risco para essa disfunção.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism, as well as its principal signs and symptoms, in the city of Rio Grande. Evaluate the association of sleep bruxism with gender, age, education and psychological stress. Method: The study was cross-sectional type. A representative sample of the population (1280 people residing in the urban area of the city aged greater than or equal to 18 years old) were interviewed. The evaluation of sleep bruxism was by mean of questionnaire based on diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Results: The prevalence of sleep bruxism found in the population was 8,1% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI - 6,6 - 9,5). Among the signs and symptoms of dysfunction used for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, tooth wear (70,3%) and pain in masticatory muscles (44,5%) were the most frequently reported by people who report teeth grinding during sleep. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sleep bruxism between sexes. People older than 40 had a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism. The dysfunction was associated with a higher level of education (prevalence ratio - PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1,35 - 2,72) and psychological stress (PR 1,76; 95%CI 1,11 - 2,81). Conclusion: There was a significant prevalence of sleep bruxism in the general population, causing various damages to the Stomatognathic system. The psychological stress is a risk factor for this dysfunction.

Evaluation of the association of bruxism, psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in preschoolers

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate factors associated with sleep bruxism in five-year-old preschool children. A preschool-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 761 pairs of children and their parents/caregivers. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed using a questionnaire administered to the parents/caregivers, who also answered questionnaires addressing sociodemographic data and parent's/caregiver's sense of coherence. Clinical oral evaluations of the children to determine dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, malocclusion and tooth wear were performed by two researchers who had undergone a training exercise (interexaminer Kappa: 0.70 to 0.91; intraexaminer Kappa: 0.81 to 1.00). Descriptive analysis and logistic regression for complex samples were carried out (α = 5%). The prevalence of sleep bruxism among the preschool children was 26.9%. The multivariate analysis revealed that bruxism was associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 2.93; 95 CI: 1.52-5.65) and tooth wear (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.39-3.96). In the present study, sleep bruxism among preschool children was associated with tooth wear and poor sleep quality of the child. In contrast, psychosocial aspects (sense of coherence) were not associated with sleep bruxism.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao bruxismo do sono em adolescentes de Teresina, Piauí / Prevalence and associated factors to sleep bruxism in adolescents from Teresina, Piauí

RESUMO: Introdução: Bruxismo do sono (BS) é uma atividade muscular repetitiva cuja epidemiologia em adolescentes tem sido pouco estudada. Este estudo observacional transversal objetivou determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao BS em adolescentes. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída de 594 escolares na faixa etária de 11 a 14 anos de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Os instrumentos de coleta dos dados foram questionário direcionado aos pais/responsáveis e exame clínico dentário. Para se verificar associação entre BS e variáveis independentes, o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi aplicado, bem como análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, com resultados expressos em razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: A prevalência de BS foi de 22,2%. Na análise multivariada foi observada maior prevalência de BS em adolescentes do sexo masculino (RP = 1,41; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,04 - 1,89), com relato de ronco (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,02 - 1,89) e dificuldades para dormir (RP = 1,92; IC95% 1,38 - 2,66). Conclusão: BS é uma condição frequente em adolescentes, e os fatores associados à sua prevalência foram: sexo masculino, ronco e dificuldades para dormir.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Sleep bruxism (SB) is defined as a repetitive jaw muscle activity whose epidemiology in adolescents has been little studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep bruxism and associated factors in adolescents. Methodology: The sample consisted of 594 students aged 11 to 14 years old from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Self-administered questionnaire was answered by parents/caregivers and dental clinical examination was performed. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to assess the association between SB and independent variables. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was applied, with results expressed in prevalence ratio (PR). Results: The prevalence of SB in adolescents was 22.2%. Multivariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of SB in male gender adolescents (PR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.04 - 1.89), presenting snoring (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.89) and difficulty falling asleep (PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1.38 - 2.66). Conclusion: SB is a frequent condition in adolescents, and the factors associated with its prevalence were: male sex, snoring and difficulty falling asleep.

Prevalencia de bruxismo del sueño en niños y su relación con los signos de trastornos temporo-mandibulares y las parafunciones diurnas / Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children, and its relationship with signs of temporomandibular disorders and daytime oral parafunctions

El bruxismo del sueño (BS), es el acto de apretar y rechinar los dientes mientras se duerme, lo cual puede producir serias consecuencias en los niños, como el desgaste dentario y dolor muscular. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia del BS en niños, además de relacionarlo con la presencia de signos de trastornos temporomandibular (TTM) y de las parafunciones diurnas (PFD). La muestra está conformada por 369 estudiantes de 6 a 14 años. El diagnóstico de BS se basa en los criterios de inclusión de la Academia Americana de Medicina del Sueño, con reporte de los padres indicando la historia nocturna de apriete/rechinamiento dentario, presencia de PFD y antecedentes médicos. La información se complementó con examen clínico de signos de TTM y desgaste dentario. Para análisis estadístico se utilizaron las pruebas Chi-Cuadrado y Odds Ratio, con un intervalo de confianza de 95 %. La prevalencia de BS fue de 32 %. Los niños de 6 años presentan la mayor prevalencia (38 %), y los de 14 años la menor (27 %). De los individuos con BS, el 77 % presentaban signos de TTM (p<0,0001; OR: 5,4) y el 87 % presentaba PFD (p=0,0003; OR= 2,9). La prevalencia de BS, su distribución por edad y sexo, se corresponde con la evidencia científica internacional. El BS es un factor de riesgo para los TTM, aumentando las probabilidades de que las personas puedan sufrir mialgias o artralgias. En las parafunciones, el hábito de morder durante el día es común en los pacientes con BS. El tratamiento llevado a cabo durante la infancia con un diagnóstico temprano, podría ser capaz de prevenir el daño a la salud de un individuo como futuro adulto.

Sleep Bruxism (SB) is the act of grinding and clenching teeth during sleep, which could lead serious consequences in children, such a tooth wear and muscle pain. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of SB in children, and to relate the presence of signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and daytime oral parafunctions. The sample consists of 369 students of 6­14 years old. SB diagnosis is based on the inclusion criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, with parent report indicating the history of tooth clenching/grinding, presence of awake oral parafunctions and medical history. The information was complemented by clinical examination of signs of TMD and tooth wear. For statistical analysis chi-square test and Odds Ratio Test was used, with a confidence interval of 95 %. The prevalence of SB was 32 %. Children 6 years old had the highest prevalence (38 %), and children 14 years old had less (27 %). Individuals with SB, 77 % showed signs of TMD (p<0.0001; OR= 5.4) and 87 % had daytime parafunctions (p= 0.0003; OR= 2.9). The prevalence of SB, its distribution by age and sex, corresponds to the international scientific evidence. The SB is a risk factor for TMD, increasing the probabilities that people may suffer muscle or joint aches. Daytime parafunctions are common in patients with SB. The treatment carried out during childhood with an early diagnosis, might be able to prevent damage to the health of an individual as a future adult.

Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in children is subject to discussions in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic literature review aiming to critically assess the prevalence of SB in children. METHODS: Survey using the following research databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, Lilacs and BBO, from January 2000 to February 2013, focusing on studies specifically assessing the prevalence of SB in children. RESULTS: After applying the inclusion criteria, four studies were retrieved. Among the selected articles, the prevalence rates of SB ranged from 5.9% to 49.6%, and these variations showed possible associations with the diagnostic criteria used for SB. CONCLUSION: There is a small number of studies with the primary objective of assessing SB in children. Additionally, there was a wide variation in the prevalence of SB in children. Thus, further, evidence-based studies with standardized and validated diagnostic criteria are necessary to assess the prevalence of SB in children more accurately. .

INTRODUÇÃO: a prevalência de bruxismo do sono (BS) na população infantil é tema de discussões na literatura. OBJETIVO: assim, este trabalho, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, teve como objetivo avaliar, de forma crítica, a prevalência de BS em crianças. MÉTODOS: foi feito um levantamento nas bases de pesquisa MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Lilacs e BBO, entre os anos de 2000 e fevereiro de 2013, com enfoque em estudos que avaliaram especificamente a prevalência de BS em crianças. RESULTADOS: após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, chegou-se a quatro estudos. Entre os artigos selecionados, as taxas de prevalência de BS variaram de 5,9% a 49,6%, sendo que essas variações apresentaram possíveis associações com os critérios diagnósticos para BS. CONCLUSÃO: verifica-se um número reduzido de estudos que apresentaram o objetivo primário de avaliar o BS em crianças, além de uma grande variação nas taxas de prevalência. Torna-se necessária a realização de novos estudos, baseados em métodos de evidências e com critérios diagnósticos padronizados e validados, para avaliar com maior precisão a prevalência do BS em crianças. .

Signs, symptoms, parafunctions and associated factors of parent-reported sleep bruxism in children: a case-control study

Bruxism is the non-functional clenching or grinding of the teeth that may occur during sleep or less commonly in daytime. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between clinical signs and symptoms, parafunctions and associated factors of sleep bruxism in children. A population-based case-control study was carried out involving 120 children, 8 years of age, with sleep bruxism and 240 children without sleep bruxism. The sample was randomly selected from public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Groups were matched by gender and social class. The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) drawn up by the city of Belo Horizonte was employed for social classification. Data collection instruments included clinical forms and pre-tested questionnaires. The diagnosis of sleep bruxism was supported by the American Association of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria. The McNemar test, binary and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. The risk factors associated with sleep bruxism included: primary canine wear (OR=2.3 IC 95% 1.2-4.3), biting of objects like pencils or pens (OR=2.0 IC 95% 1.2-3.3) and wake-time bruxism (tooth clenching) (OR=2.3 IC 95% 1.2-4.3). Children that present the parafunctions of object biting and wake-time bruxism were more susceptible to sleep bruxism.

Bruxismo é o ato não funcional de ranger os dentes enquanto se dorme ou apertar os dentes em vigília. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre sinais e sintomas clínicos associados ao bruxismo noturno em crianças. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de base populacional com desenho caso-controle, envolvendo 120 crianças, de 8 anos de idade, com bruxismo e 240 crianças sem bruxismo. A amostra foi selecionada de forma randomizada em escolas públicas e particulares da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os grupos caso e controle foram pareados por gênero e classe social. O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS) desenvolvido pela prefeitura da cidade de Belo Horizonte foi utilizado para a classificação social. Como instrumentos de coleta foram utilizados: uma ficha clínica e um questionário pré-testados. O diagnóstico de bruxismo noturno foi baseado nos critérios da American Association of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Os testes estatísticos de McNemar, regressão logística binária e multivariada com modelo de regressão foram utilizados para análise dos dados. Foram considerados fatores de risco para o bruxismo noturno: desgaste em caninos decíduos (OR=2,3 IC 95% 1,2-4,3), morder objetos como lápis e canetas (OR=2,0 IC 95% 1,2-3,3) e apertar os dentes em vigília (OR=2,3 IC 95% 1,2-4,3). Crianças que apresentam outras parafunções tais como: morder objetos e apertar os dentes em vigília são mais susceptíveis ao bruxismo noturno.

Prevalence and predictive factors of sleep bruxism in children with and without cognitive impairment

Studies have found a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in individuals with cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with the clinical manifestation of SB in children with and without cognitive impairment. The sample was made up of 180 individuals: Group 1 - without cognitive impairment; Group 2 - with Down syndrome; Group 3 - with cerebral palsy. Malocclusions were assessed based on the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI); lip competence was assessed based on Ballard's description. The bio-psychosocial characteristics were assessed via a questionnaire and clinical exam. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and multivariate logistic regression. The prevalence of bruxism was 23 percent. There were no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.970). Individuals with sucking habits (OR [95 percent CI] = 4.44 [1.5 to 13.0]), posterior crossbite (OR [95 percent CI] = 3.04 [1.2 to 7.5]) and tooth wear facets (OR [95 percent CI] = 3.32 [1.2 to 8.7]) had a greater chance of exhibiting SB. Sucking habits, posterior crossbite and tooth wear facets were identified as being directly associated with the clinical manifestations of bruxism.

A relação entre os hábitos parafuncionais e a posição do disco articular em pacientes sintomáticos para disfunção têmpero-mandibular / The relationship between parafunctional habits and disc position in symptomatic patients with temporomandibular dysfunction

Os hábitos parafuncionais são descritos como os principais fatores etiológicos da disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). A fim de relacioná-los com tal patologia nas articulações têmporomandibulares, foram selecionados 30 pacientes sintomáticos submetidos a exame clínico e a exame de imagem por ressonância magnética. Após realizados os exames, observou-se que a posição do disco mais prevalente foi o deslocamento com redução bilateral (26,66%), tendo como principal parafunção o apertamento dental, seguido do bruxismo. Com base nesses dados, conclui-se haver concordância entre a presença de hábitos parafuncionais e a presença de sinais e sintomas da DTM, uma vez que essa relação se mostrou presente em 90% dos pacientes examinados

Bruxism prevalence in a selective Lebanese population

Statement of the problem: In recent years, many Lebanese dentists reported an increase in night-time parafunctional activity of their patients. Purpose of the study: To investigate night bruxism awareness in a selective Lebanese population. Materials and 868 visitors of a shopping mall in the city of Beirut [Lebanon] were interviewed about their habit of clenching and grinding their teeth at night, and about their age and gender. Gender distribution was as follows: 530 females and 338 males, mean age was 34.9 [ +/- 11.6 SD] and 37.8 [ +/- 14.6 SD] respectively. Overall prevalence of bruxism was 35.8% for males and 32.6% for females with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Bruxism was found to increase with age for both genders. Bruxism awareness per age and gender was as follows: <26 years [F: 24.1%; M: 19.4%], 26-35 years [F: 26.1%; M: 27.2%],36-45 years [F: 41.1%; M: 41.6%], 46-55 years [F: 41.5%; M: 50%] and> 55 years [F: 63.6%; M: 53.5%]. Night bruxism prevalence in this Lebanese group seems to be higher than in reported western studies and a deeper socio-economical investigation is needed. Future larger scale studies might be needed to confirm if bruxism awareness increases with age

Factores asociados con bruxismo en niños y su prevalencia / Factors associated with bruxism in children and its prevalence

En la actualidad son muy frecuentes las consultas por bruxismo en la clínica odontopediátrica. Los factores vinculados con su etiología son múltiples, no endontrándose aún totalmente definidos, aunque se lo considera una parasomnia primaria no específica del sueño. POr ser una parafunción incociente, cuyos signos y síntomas no se observan en forma inmediata, el interrogatorio a padres y pacientes es el elemento más importante para el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la prevalencia de bruxismo en dentición primaria y mixta, y relacionarla con los factores más frecuentemente asociados. Material y métodos: se evaluaron 172 niños de ambos sexos de 5.61 + 0.48 años con dentición priamaria (DP) y 195 de 8.83 + 1-03 con dentición mixta (DM), pertenecientes a escuelas públicas de Gran Buenos Aires. Se utilizó un cuestionario domiciliario dirigido a los responsables del niño, donde se interrogó sexo, edad, rechinamiento, alteraciones del sueño, hábitos alimenticios, dolor de oídos y/o cabeza, respiración bucal y otros hábitos orales, parásitos y antecedentes familiares de bruxismo. Las opciones de respuesta fueron por sí o por no. Clínicamente se evaluó tipo de dentición, apertura máxima con y sin dolor, ruido y dolor articular, facetas de desgaste y alteraciones de la oclusión. Los datos fueron procesados en base de datos y analizados estadísticamente por Test t de Fisher. La prevalencia de bruxismo fue del 29 por ciento en dentición primaria y 17.94 por ciento en dentición mixta, vinculándose positivamente en ambas denticiones con otras alteraciones del sueño (DP p<0.0001, DM p=0.0015), respiración b ucal (DP p=0.0165, DM p=0.0018), dieta blanda (DP p<0.0001, DM p<0.0001) y dolor de oído y/o cabeza (DP p=0.0212, DM p=0.0321). Conclusiones: en esta población se observó mayor prevalencia de bruxismo en niños con dentición primaria, vinculándose en ambas denticiones con respiración bucal, otras alteraciones del sueño, dificultades en la alimentación y dolor de oídos y/o cabeza